11/30/2011

Yellowstone: geologists are monitoring ground deformation

Last week, park officials released Yellowstone’svital signs” report, documenting more than 24 natural resource indicators that affect the park’s ecological and environmental stability, from wildlife disease to climate change. The report also noted the park’s geological activity. The ground near the White Lake recording station has swelled 25 centimeters — more than 10 inches — since 2004, while more than 3,200 earthquakes rattled the park in 2010 — the largest concentration of tremors recorded since 1985. Knowing what it all means, however, remains something of a mystery. “Yellowstone seems to breathe,” said Yellowstone’s chief geologist, Hank Heasler. “That’s the best way to describe it. It goes through cycles of uplift and subsidence. That detailed pattern of ground deformation, well, we’re still in the process of figuring that out.”

Heasler attributed the increase in geological events to improving technology. Scientists can now detect earthquakes that passed unnoticed just 30 years ago. Deformations in the ground can be measured down to the millimeter. To say there are more earthquakes now than before, Heasler said, is akin to saying people get more phone calls now than they did 30 years ago. Technology makes the difference. “We’re finally getting good enough technology to suggest models over what’s causing the ground deformation,” Heasler said. “There are some very good ideas, and some scientists are very passionate about their theories. But we’re still in the debate phase, and that’s one of the more fascinating components of science.”

Yellowstone has bulged and shifted in various places over the years. Between 1996 and 2002, Heasler said, an area near Norris Junction lifted 12 centimeters as Yellowstone’s central caldera sank. “There might be a slow inhalation in one area and an exhalation in another,” Heasler said. “We need more data to really confirm the exact pattern and cause. But there are two great ideas out there that try to explain the deformation.” The deformation may be related to Yellowstone’s vast hydrothermal system, Heasler said. Like a blister under the skin, the park bulges and shifts under pressure.

Molten rock underlies the second theory. As the red-hot balloon of magma and gas moves toward the surface, Heasler said, it causes the ground to lift. “As an independent scientist, I can say both models have problems,” Heasler said. “There’s a lot of great work and scientific debate going on to understand what this ground deformation is really telling us.” The park is not only rising and falling, it’s also moving side to side. Over a four-month period in 2010, Yellowstone endured a swarm of 2,500 earthquakes — a swarm being “more earthquakes than normal in any period of time.” The temblors varied up to magnitude 3.8, which was recorded on Jan. 20. “People in this park can feel down to a magnitude 2.2 or so, depending on how sensitive they are and where they are,” Heasler said. “But if you put all the 2010 quakes into a single earthquake, it would only be equal to a magnitude 4.4.”

In comparison, the single strongest quake in the 1985 swarm measured 4.5. That swarm of quakes 26 years ago packed more energy than the latest swarm — so much so, Heasler said, people began leaving the West Yellowstone area. “They got tired of being rattled,” Heasler said. “With this 2010 swarm, we had 16 earthquakes felt in the Old Faithful area. Swarms are just a way of life in Yellowstone.” Yellowstone has experienced about 90 swarms since the mid-1990s alone. While some look at the figures and suggest that the world’s largest volcanic feature is beginning to stir, Heasler cautioned about jumping to such conclusions. “The seismometers have improved immensely,” Heasler said. “They’re able to sense an order of smaller magnitude earthquakes that seismographs in the early 1980s couldn’t.”

In the 1930s, park surveyors established benchmarks along Yellowstone’s interior roads noting their elevation. In the 1970s, as crews went back to relocate the benchmarks, they found the old readings off by as much as two feet. While they first believed that the earlier surveyors had taken sloppy readings, they soon realized that their readings hadn’t been wrong. Areas of the park had actually risen, something geologists are keenly aware of today. If a big volcanic eruption were coming, Heasler said, geologists would see it coming well in advance. And that’s not what the data is telling them. “Our monitoring not only allows us to see subtle changes, but it can also be used to predict a large eruption, or even a minor one. The bigger the eruption, the more indicators you’ll have and the farther in advance you’ll have them.”

Heasler said it’s not impossible that Yellowstone could experience a small eruption with little notice. The elements are there — earthquake swarms, ground deformations, thermal venting and volcanic gases. Yet the events aren’t occurring at the magnitude needed for something big, Heasler said, and they’re not occurring over the same spot. Yellowstone has seen 80 lava flows since the last giant eruption 640,000 years ago, Heasler said, and each of those technically classifies as an eruption. “Those areas of smaller eruptions are the most likely type that would occur,” Heasler said. “There’s always the possibility of a Hawaiian-type volcano that would only affect a small region of Yellowstone. But it wouldn’t have any regional catastrophic effects.

Mass fish die-off along Florida's coastline

The effects of red tide are making their way towards Southwest Florida beaches. In fact, dozens of dead fish have already washed ashore on Sanibel Island. The beach on Sanibel Island is littered with dead fish, crabs and shells - some of them victims of red tide. Others have been dead for a while and were washed up onto the beach by Monday's storm. And local experts we spoke to say more dead sea life could be headed this way. "It's really weird to see that much on the beach, really," said tourist Krystal Ferrell, who was on Sanibel Island Tuesday. "We found a lot of starfish and a lot of conch - some things that I guess you wouldn't normally see. She says those things really stink up the beach. "Too bad there's not smell-o-vision," said Dr. Bruce Neill, with the Sanibel Sea School.

But Sanibel is not alone in seeing the effects of red tide. More dead fish were reported belly up on Bonita Beach in Lee County, as well as Barefoot, Tigertail and Conner Park beaches in Collier County. Experts say that makes sense, given the latest satellite image of red tide taken Sunday. The red color on the map [shown to the right] indicates red tide. It's about 25 miles off-shore and about 40 miles long. "We will continue to see small pockets of red tide blooming very efficiently. These are very intensive population blooms of red tide that we're seeing and I would anticipate over the next weeks or so, that we'll see small pockets here and there," said Dr. Neill. He added those pockets can strengthen or weaken depending on the weather. "Red tide doesn't do very well in very cold water. So as the water temperature continues to decrease, the likelihood of a big bloom will decrease," Dr. Neill said. If you come in contact with dead fish, experts say it's best to avoid them. 

A massive sinkhole appears overnight in Oklahoma

Residents in Beckham County near Sayre say a massive sinkhole suddenly appeared overnight. They say it's so big a small house can fit inside it. Jack Damron cares for the property and says the hole formed just two days after Oklahoma's last earthquake about two weeks ago.

Experts say it most likely isn't related. Either way, the hole is still growing day by day. "Kind of spooky. You don't want to mess with it today," Damron said. Because whatever lies beneath the flat Oklahoma soil, isn't quite finished. "We've got to let it finish settling, because we don't know how deep it's going to get. It's still growing," he said "When it first formed you could actually sit here for 30 minutes and see stuff just move."

Damron has been farming the land where the sinkhole formed for nearly 20 years, but overnight he says the hole suddenly appeared. It's a pretty scary scenario considering he's been driving tractors over this exact spot, never dreaming the ground beneath him could give way and collapse. "You can see the tractor went right over it. It would have swallowed the tractor," he said. "We had a lot of onlookers." The sinkhole is about 40 feet deep and 40 feet wide. "Glad my house wasn't over it," neighbor Tony Bills said. Sinkholes are not uncommon in western Oklahoma, but how this one got here is still unknown. "Man, I don't know," Damron said. Geologists at the Oklahoma Geological Survey say several things could have caused the sinkhole including salt or rock formations dissolving or a drought. They also say old coal mines are often full of water and when that water drains, there is no support causing the soil above it to collapse.

6.0 magnitude earthquake latest in a convulsion of strong tremors rattling dangerous region of Philippines

November 30, 2011  PHILIPPINES  5.0 and a 6.0 magnitude earthquake struck off the west coast of the Philippines along the Manila Trench. A 5.0 magnitude aftershock followed. The Manila Trench is an ocean trench in the South China Sea, west of the Philippines. It reaches a depth of about 5,400 m, in contrast with the average depth of the South China Sea of about 1,500 m. It is created by subduction, in which the Eurasian Plate is subducting under the Philippine Mobile Belt. The Manila Trench is associated with frequent earthquakes, and the plate movements which give rise to it are also responsible for the arc of volcanoes on the west side of the Philippine island of Luzon, including Mount Pinatubo which experienced a very violent VEI 6 Plinian eruption in 1991. It was the second largest volcanic eruption recorded in the 20th century. 7.7 magnitude earthquake near Luzon in 1990 is believed to have been the trigger that set Pinatubo off.  

Flashback Nov. 11: Euro collapse plus Iran strike equals Armageddon

November 30, 2011 – TEHRAN – It’s starting to look like all those crazy 2012 prophecies might not be so wide of the mark after all. Even as the world is transfixed by the slow-motion implosion of the Eurozone, reports are emerging that Israel might strike Iran’s nuclear facilities early in the New Year. The unpredictable interaction of two such epochal events could cause a global catastrophe like something out of a bad science fiction novel. The most recent data shows that the Eurozone, and much of the world, may be slipping rapidly into recession. Property and commodity bubbles are bursting even in China. Not only that, but there is no more fiscal stimulus to be had. The global economy’s life raft is gone. The combination of the onset of a second global Great Depression, a devastating banking crisis in Europe, fragmentation of the Eurozone and rolling sovereign debt crises across the US and Europe is bad enough. This scenario is, in itself, a total catastrophe. Yet some serious economists say such outcomes are very possible within the next 12 months. However, few have thrown into the mix the ramifications of an Israeli attack on Iran’s nuclear facilities — also likely within the next 12 months. The Eurozone crisis and Iran’s nuclear weapons program are widely seen as discrete and unrelated events. However, they could interact in potentially horrific ways. Jeffery Goldberg of The Atlantic magazine says there is a “better than 50 percent chance that Israel will launch a strike by next July.” Israel simply cannot tolerate a nuclear armed Iran. Sanctions have failed miserably and the recent International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) report suggests that Iran could begin building a nuclear weapon within months. The Daily Mail has recently cited UK Foreign Office sources as saying that the British government expects Israel to attack Iran “sooner rather than later … We’re expecting something as early as Christmas, or very early in the New Year.” Israeli President Shimon Peres has said: “The possibility of a military attack against Iran is now closer to being applied than the application of a diplomatic option.”
Target Iran: Tehran has threatened to respond with “an iron fist,” and has warned about “aggressors and invaders being smashed from within.” A massive onslaught on Israel could be expected via Syria and Hamas. Simultaneously, terrorist attacks could happen in cities across the Western world. The political consequences of an attack across the Muslim world are incalculable, but one immediate effect of an Israeli attack would be on oil supply. The first thing Iran will do if attacked is blockade the critical oil-shipping lanes through the Strait of Hormuz. This would instantly send the price of oil skyrocketing to between $175 and $500 a barrel, depending on whose estimates you believe. America’s National Defense magazine says that “Under a worst-case scenario 30 day closure of the Strait of Hormuz … the U.S. would lose nearly $75 billion in GDP.” The effects on Europe would be similarly disastrous. Iran’s Navy is no match for the US Fifth fleet, but all Iran need do is slip a few mines into the water and the straits could be closed for months. Additionally, Iran might attack Saudi Arabia’s oil facilities in Dhahran, and the price of oil would instantly reach the stratosphere. Even in a best-case scenario, more stringent sanctions against Iran are now almost inevitable and these will seriously exacerbate the turmoil in financial markets, already reeling from the euro crisis. In our interconnected world, events in Brussels and Tehran can interact like never before. -Huffington Post - November 11, 2011

11/29/2011

Flood in Australia 27 November 2011



Thousands of Australians were trapped on Sunday by rising east coast floodwaters which left one child dead, even as residents in the country's west began returning to their homes after horror wildfires. Officials said the northern New South Wales town of Wee Waa, 570 kilometres (355 miles) from Sydney, would be cut off for up to one week by the flooding, which has seen several rivers in the state overflow. The township of 1,800 will only be accessible by boat and helicopter and state emergency authorities said they were working to replenish food supplies. Evacuations were also underway at nearby Moree, where 60 homes were expected to be cut off as floodwaters reached their peak, while some 150 rural properties in the region were already isolated. More than 800 people had called for emergency help and 17 people were rescued from the floodwaters, which on Saturday claimed the life of a three-year-old boy who was swept into a surging storm-water drain.


The weather bureau has forecast heavy rains in northeastern Australia in coming months due to a La Nina pattern in the Pacific Ocean, which is usually associated with extreme rainfall in Australia and Asia. It is not expected to be as bad as flooding earlier this year which killed dozens of people and swamped vast tracts of the region including the city of Brisbane, which is home to some two million people. More than 30,000 homes were inundated when the Brisbane River broke its banks, bringing Australia's third-largest city to a standstill for several days in its worst deluge in more than a century. As the east grappled with flooding, residents on the nation's wildfire-ravaged west coast began returning to their homes after flames ripped through the scenic Margaret River region, destroying dozens of buildings. "We went in there and got what was left," one resident, Leif Mulik, told The West Australian newspaper. The fire, ignited on Wednesday by an ember from an earlier controlled burn-off, forced hundreds of people to abandon their homes. It was still burning Sunday but officials said the fire "remains within containment lines and weather conditions are favourable."

Accelerated warming: more evidence of destabilization at the southern pole

November 29, 2011 – ANTARCTICA - New research shows the Southern Ocean is storing more heat than any other ocean in the world.The study, carried out by Tasmania’s Antarctic Climate and Ecosystem centre, has found that carbon dioxide levels in the Southern Ocean will be corrosive to some shellfish by 2030 if current trends continue. Scientists say deep moving currents around Antarctica are the reason why the Southern Ocean is warming faster than other oceans. The Southern Ocean occupies about 22 per cent of the area of the total ocean, and yet it absorbs about 40 per cent of the carbon dioxide and about half the heat that’s stored by the ocean,” climate scientist Steve Rintoul says. Dr. Rintoul says the warming extends for four kilometres, from the ocean surface to the sea floor. He says satellite measurements show the Southern Ocean has been warming by about 0.2 degrees Celsius per decade. “One of the impacts of a warming ocean may be that the ice that flows off Antarctica into the ocean may melt more rapidly,” he said. “Once that ice reaches the ocean and is floating, if we melt it, it doesn’t change the sea level because that ice is already floating, just like an ice cube in your drink, when it melts it doesn’t cause the cup to overflow.” But what does happen is that as the ice floating around the edge of Antarctica thins and breaks up and disappears, the ice that’s on the continent slides off the continent into the sea more rapidly, and that does increase sea level rise. “In the last few years we found that some parts of Antarctica are thinning rapidly, indicating that ice is flowing off the continent into the ocean and causing an increase in sea level.” The Southern Ocean has helped absorb the Earth’s excess heat and carbon dioxide. But Dr. Rintoul says as carbon dioxide dissolves, it changes the chemistry of sea water. “As we dissolve carbon dioxide in the ocean we change the chemistry and eventually we’ll cross the threshold between waters where the shells are stable, and waters where the sea water’s actually corrosive to the shell material and starts to dissolve the shells that the animals are making,” he warned. “We used to think that threshold would be crossed in about 2050 in the Southern Ocean. We now understand that that’s likely to happen a few decades earlier, perhaps as soon as 2030. -ABC

Volcanic and seismic awakening of Pan-America

The seismic and volcanic awakening of Pan-America is now well underway. The Caribbean Plate comprises an area of roughly 3.2 million square km (1.2 million square miles) and it is undergoing major stress. 
A series of seismic swarms in this region resulted in the outbreak of a 5.1magnitude earthquake which struck off the coast of San Juan Puerto Rico today. The northern boundary of the Caribbean Plate with the North American plate is a transform or strike-slip boundary which runs from the border area of Belize, Guatemala (Motagua Fault), and Honduras in Central America, eastward through the Cayman trough on south of the southeast coast of Cuba, and just north of Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. Part of the Puerto Rico Trench, the deepest part of the Atlantic Ocean (roughly 8,400 meters), also lies along this border. The Puerto Rico trench is at a complex transition from the subduction boundary to the south and the transform boundary to the west. The Cocos plate on the western border of Pan America is subducting under the Caribbean Plate. The whole region is becoming more violent as geological forces increase plate pressures on the region and the sea-floor is violently stirred along the Puerto Rico trench. The trench has an unsettling history of producing very powerful earthquakes- 8.1 magnitude earthquakes struck the region both in 1787 and 1946. In light of the rising earthquake risks, UNESCO conducted aCaribbean Tsunami  warning exercise on March 23, 2011 in anticipation of a 7.6 magnitude earthquake. It goes without saying, we’re overdue for another major earthquake to strike this region. As a result of the mounting seismic tension on the western region of the plate, we’re already witnessing the volcanic and seismic awakening of much of Pan-America. On November 20, Mexico’s Popocatepetl volcano unleashed a 5 km ash cloud. On November 22nd, Guatemala’s lofty Fuego volcano followed suit with a 2 km cloud of dark ash. On November 25th, the alert status of Colombia’s Gelaras volcano was raised to orange. On November 26th, the dense upper volcanic belt of El Salvador was shaken by a swarm of over 700 tremors in a 24-hour-period. Now Ecuador’s Tungurahua volcano is the latest telltale sign that the time-bomb in the Atlanic is still ticking.

Ecuador’s Tungurahua volcano goes into convulsions



November 29, 2011 – QUITO – Authorities in the South American nation of Ecuador on Monday afternoon urged residents near the Tungurahua volcano to evacuate after a rapid increase of volcanic activity. Ecuador’s Geophysical Institute of the National Technology School said the Tungurahua volcano had three pyroclastic boulder flows toward the south at around 7:35 a.m. local time on Monday. Its loud roars have reportedly shook residential windows up to 14 kilometers (8.6 miles) away. Previously, at around 2 a.m. local time, the institute registered an explosion as incandescent material covered all of the volcano’s slopes. Some three hours later, intense and moderately strong roars were also registered, accompanied with incandescent material, as well as lava blocks and fluid lava, descending about one kilometer (0.6 mile) down its crater. The Institute warned that the 5,023-meter (16,480-feet) tall Tungurahua continued its strong seismic activity throughout Monday and spewed out thick ash clouds of up to 3 kilometers (1.8 miles) high into the northeastern, southeastern and eastern regions. The Tungurahua Province Emergency Operation Committee subsequently raised its alert level from yellow to orange, immediately activating its emergency protocols. Officials have urged four villages nearby to evacuate in fear of a full eruption. The Tungurahua volcano is located about 135 kilometers (84 miles) south of Quito, the nation’s capital. Its eruptive phases began in 1999 and, since then, it has experienced both calm and highly active periods. –Upfront News 

11/28/2011

The world on the brink of a third world war?

While the world is distracted by the catastrophe of global financial crisis, the Mediterranean seems about to catch fire. In the viewfinder, now and forever, the land of the Ayatollahs, against which Israel ponders a devastating air raid, as admitted by the president, Shimon Peres.
Currently the focus is concentrated on the alliance neighboring Syria, which appears to act as a detonator. But this time, spectacularly, back in the field of nuclear power in the former Soviet Union: If so far has kept a low profile, Moscow tomorrow could weigh in decisively on the dangerous evolution of the crisis that threatens the Mediterranean and the Middle East. And that, according to Professor Michel Chossudowsky the Global Research Institute, would be more correct to call the Third World War.
If Damascus is the antechamber of the final assault on Iran, arrives from Moscow's warning more explicit: hands off from Syria. Remained passive in the war in Iraq and then in the operation in Libya led to the fall of Gaddafi, this time Russia will not remain at the window. Moscow considers a Western attack against Syria as a "red line" that will not tolerate.

Meanwhile the war approaches, primarily through the now familiar media pressure: several articles have been circulated, indicating that some fighters from Turkey and other Islamic states would enter Syrian airspace under pretexts "humanitarian", with the help logistical support of the United States.
Russia has advanced radar systems installed at all major military installations and industrial Syrian, confirming the massive deployment of defensive with which Moscow is preparing to protect Syria, as in the days of the Cold War. Since World War II, he had never seen such a show of force. Even the forces of the United Kingdom they would be stepping up preparations for missile attacks against Iranian sites in the United States.
While Iran is the next goal, along with Syria and Lebanon, the new strategic military deployment also threatens North Korea, China and Russia. At the beginning seems like so many other military operation, a simple punitive air strike on Iran rebel. Instead it will be the beginning of World War III. A scene from the end of the world first move, Iran. Then, the chain reactions and real goals: to stop China neutralizing Russia.
Imperial capitalism in crisis, you do not feel as other means to secure privileged access to vital resources: water, oil and natural gas. If the policy fails there would be that war, the total conflict on a global scale.
The real danger is not perceived: "No one seems to fear a nuclear war sponsored by America. The war against Iran is presented to the public as a problem among others ", to live with the indifference which now is used to. Moreover, the killing machine is supported by a global cult of death and destruction inherent that pervades Hollywood movies, not to mention the TV series of war and crime in prime time on television networks. Cult of death approved by the CIA and the Pentagon, which also support financially Hollywood productions as an instrument of war propaganda.
The planned attack on Tehran is part of a coordinated "road map" global military. And 'the so-called "long war" of the Pentagon: a conflict without borders driven by profit, a project of world domination, a sequence of military operations. NATO military planners have envisaged various scenarios of military escalation, with geopolitical implications: while Iran, Syria and Lebanon are the immediate objectives, China, Russia and North Korea, not to mention Venezuela and Cuba, are also subject to threats by the United States. Strategic objective in the race for resources: China defeat the giant competitors and cancel the military capacity of the Russian defense.
The danger is all the more real when one considers the absolute indifference of the media. In chorus, Western media have branded Iran as a threat to global security in view of its alleged nuclear weapons program (nonexistent). Rather than see that the only real threat to world peace comes from the axis linking the United States, NATO and Israel, they prefer to instill tacitly, in the unconscious popular, the notion that the Iranian threat is real and that the Islamic Republic should be "conquered".
Meanwhile, in the face of a possible conflict with devastating results, the peace movement seems quite helpless and unprepared. Return to stir, perhaps, when it is too late. Assuming that it is not already.
The big lie, supported the war and the state police as the only line of approach, destroys nations and international solidarity. Breaking the lie means breaking a criminal project of global destruction, in which the pursuit of profit is the driving force. This profit driven military from the agenda destroys human values ​​and turns people into zombies unconscious.
So we have to do is to reverse the tide, challenging the war criminals in high office and the powerful corporate lobby groups that support them, breaking the American Inquisition, a crusade to undermine US-NATO-Israel military, weapons factories close and military bases, bring the troops home, the members of the armed forces should disobey orders and refuse to participate in a criminal war. Exaggeration? No, unfortunately.
The power that wants war is strong, says every day the opposite of the truth, claims for itself the vital resources of the world. And is armed to the teeth.

Maya found a tablet with reference to 2012!

The archaeologists of the National Institute of Anthropology and History said that among the Mayan ruins was found a second reference in footnote apocalypse of 2012. The Institute would find out the date of the Apocalypse carved on a brick in the ruins of Comalcalco in southern Mexico. This is a test that enriches the only one found so far, that is a stone tablet found in the archaeological site of Tortuguero in the state of Tabasco. A spokesman for the Institute, Arturo Mendez, reported that the fragment, known as "Brick Comalcalco" was found some years ago, and was the subject of detailed study. When would you kept in a safe place at the Institute. The brick and tablet Comalcalco Tortuguero were recorded at least 1,300 years ago, and both hide a cryptic message. According to David Stuart, a specialist in Mayan epigraphy at the University of Texas at Austin, the date engraved on the brick is a "Calendar Round", a combination of day and location of the month, which is repeated every 52 years. ' The date coincides with the end of Baktun 13. The Baktun were approximately 394-year periods and the number 13 was sacred and meaningful to the Maya. The Mayan Long Count calendar begins in 3114 BC and the 13th Baktun ends around December 21 2012.L 'membership in the tablet Tortuguero describes something that should take place in 2012 and involving Yokte Bolon, a mysterious Mayan god associated with both the war that the creation. The fact is that erosion is the crack in the stone made the end of the passage almost illegible, even if in some glyphs can be read "He shall descend from heaven." The brick Comalcalco, for its part, is also very strange in that, the brick containing the inscriptions, covered with stucco, was set facing the inside of the wall, not visible to observers Esterino, suggesting that he should not be seen. The National Institute of Anthropology and History has long said that the rumors about the end or change the world, an event which should coincide in late December 2012, is a misinterpretation of the Mayan calendars from the West. Given the strength with which circulate on the internet rumors of an impending disaster in 2012, the Institute is organizing a meeting of experts at the Mayan archaeological site of Palenque in southern Mexico, to clarify 'some doubts about the end of a' period and the beginning of another, according to the Mayan calendar '.

Strong explosion at Tungurahua volcano in Ecuador

Quito, Nov. 27 (EFE) .- The Tungurahua volcano, located in the Andean region Ecuador, was the sudden explosive eruption director on That It 'was accompanied by pyroclastic flows and incandescent blocks of emission of ash.
The National Institute of Volcanology That said the volcanic material, and 'was thrown to the western slope of the volcano for more than' to mile.the 'eruption' in the afternoon was preceded by four earthquakes, volcanic-tectonic.
The Tungurahua, of 5016 meters is located 135 km south of Quito, the last volcanic activity ITS Began in 1999 and has continued in recent years, August 16, 2006 There was an eruption of Particular importance.


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